Why Did the Lewis and Clark Expedition Cross North America

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the Corps of Discovery  crossed the North American continent from 1804 to 1806, traveling from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back. The explorers kept journals and drew maps during their voyage, and their observations greatly increased the available information about the North American continent. Before they crossed the continent there were theories about what lay in the West, and most of them made little sense. Even the president at the time, Thomas Jefferson, was inclined to believe some fanciful legends about the mysterious regions no white Americans had seen. The journey of the Corps of Discovery was a carefully planned venture of the United States government, and it was not conducted simply for adventure. So why why did Lewis and Clark make their epic journey? In the political atmosphere of 1804, President Thomas Jefferson offered a practical reason that ensured Congress would appropriate funds for the expedition. But Jefferson also had several other reasons, ranging from purely scientific to a desire to thwart European nations from colonizing the western frontier of America. Earliest Idea For An Expedition Thomas Jefferson, the man who conceived of the expedition, was first interested in having men cross the North American continent as early as 1792, nearly a decade before he became president. He urged the American Philosophical Society, based in Philadelphia, to finance an expedition to explore the vast spaces of the West. But the plan did not materialize. In the summer of 1802, Jefferson, who had been president for a year, received a copy of a fascinating book written by Alexander MacKenzie, a Scottish explorer who had traveled across Canada to the Pacific Ocean and back. At his home at Monticello, Jefferson read MacKenzies account of his travels, sharing the book with his personal secretary, a young army veteran named Meriwether Lewis. The two men apparently took the voyage of MacKenzie as something of a challenge. Jefferson resolved that an American expedition should also explore the Northwest. The Official Reason: Commerce and Trade Jefferson believed that an expedition to the Pacific could only be properly funded and sponsored by the US government. To obtain the funds from Congress, Jefferson had to present a practical reason for sending explorers into the wilderness. It was also important to establish that the expedition was not setting out to provoke war with the Indian tribes found in the western wilderness. And it was also not setting out to claim territory. Trapping animals for their furs was a lucrative business at the time,  and Americans such as John Jacob Astor were building great fortunes based on the fur trade. And Jefferson knew that the British held a virtual monopoly on the fur trade in the Northwest. And as Jefferson felt that the US Constitution gave him the power to promote trade, he asked for an appropriation from Congress on those grounds. The proposal was that men exploring the Northwest would be seeking out opportunities where Americans could trap for furs or trade with friendly Indians. Jefferson requested an appropriation of $2,500 from the Congress. There was some skepticism expressed in Congress, but the money was provided. The Expedition Was Also for Science Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis, his personal secretary, to command the expedition. At Monticello, Jefferson had been teaching Lewis what he could about science. Jefferson also sent Lewis to Philadelphia for tutoring from scientific friends of Jeffersons, including Dr. Benjamin Rush. While in Philadelphia, Lewis received tutoring in several other subjects Jefferson thought would be useful. A noted surveyor, Andrew Ellicott, taught Lewis to take measurements with a sextant and octant. Lewis would use the navigational instruments to plot and record his geographic positions while on the journey. Lewis also received some tutoring in identifying plants, as one of the duties assigned to him by Jefferson would be to record the trees and plants growing in the west. Likewise, Lewis was taught some zoology to help him accurately describe and classify any previously unknown animal species which were rumored to roam the great plains and mountains of the west. The Issue of Conquest Lewis picked his former colleague in the US Army, William Clark, to help command the expedition because of Clarks known reputation as an Indian fighter. Yet Lewis had also been cautioned not to engage in combat with Indians, but to withdraw if violently challenged. Careful thought was given to the size of the expedition. Originally it was thought that a small group of men would have a better chance of success, but they might be too vulnerable to potentially hostile Indians. It was feared a larger group might be seen as provocative. The Corps of Discovery, as the men of the expedition would eventually be known, ultimately consisted of 27 volunteers recruited from US Army outposts along the Ohio River. Friendly engagement with Indians was a high priority of the expedition. Money was allocated for Indian gifts, which were medals and useful items such as cooking implements that could be given to Indians the men would meet on the way west. Lewis and Clark mostly avoided conflicts with Indians. And a Native American woman, Sacagawea, traveled with the expedition as an interpreter. While the expedition was never intended to start settlements in any of the area traversed, Jefferson was well aware that ships from other nations, including Britain and Russia, had already landed in the Pacific Northwest. Its probable that Jefferson and other Americans at the time may have feared that other nations would begin settling the Pacific coast just as the English, the Dutch, and the Spanish had settled the Atlantic coast of North America. So one unstated purpose of the expedition was to survey the area and thus provide knowledge that could be useful to later Americans who would travel west. The Exploration of the Louisiana Purchase It is often said that the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was to explore the Louisiana Purchase, the vast land purchase that doubled the size of the United States. In fact, the expedition had been planned and Jefferson was intent on it proceeding before the United States had any expectation of purchasing land from France. Jefferson and Meriwether Lewis had been actively planning for the expedition in 1802 and early 1803, and the word that Napoleon wished to sell Frances holdings in North American did not reach the United States until July 1803. Jefferson wrote at the time that the planned expedition would now be even more useful, as it would provide a survey of some of the new area now belonging to the United States. But the expedition was not originally conceived as a way to survey the Louisiana Purchase. Results of the Expedition The Lewis and Clark Expedition was considered a great success, and it did meet its official purpose, as it helped foster an American fur trade. And it also met the other various goals, especially by increasing scientific knowledge and providing more reliable maps. And the Lewis and Clark Expedition also strengthened a United States claim to the Oregon Territory, so the expedition did ultimately lead toward the settlement of the west.

Axonal Death And Alzheimer s Disease - 1477 Words

Introduction Axonal death is a main element in many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Axon degeneration does not necessarily have to involve the typical apoptotic pathway regardless of the morphological similarities to cells undergoing apoptosis. Yang et al. focused on axonal death in traumatic injury because it has been shown to be independent of the necroptotic pathway. This was discovered since treatment with necroptosis inhibitors did not protect axons. To reiterate, axonal death in traumatic injury has commonalities with other diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. If there is a greater understanding for the†¦show more content†¦Axonal degeneration does have a significant impact on many neurodegenerative diseases. Their research found that this particular pathway, Sarm1-MAPK pathway, may be a common pathway for differe nt types of axonal degeneration, not just from traumatic injury. If the main pathway or underlying mechanism that drives these diseases is uncovered and understood, then this can lead to creating different methods to protect synapses and axons in these diseases. Other research can focus on trying to inhibit the Sarm1-MAPK pathway, or at least inhibit distinct components within it. Their research is pertinent to finding a cure or possible treatments for many of these diseases. This will have multiple implications on society, medicine, and the quality of life for many people suffering with the many debilitating symptoms associated with these diseases. Experimental System In order to examine axons undergoing degeneration after traumatic injury, they observed axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse optic nerves. 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Culture of Portugal Free Essays

The country of Portugal has many rich cultural facets in food, music and sports. Situated on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula that it shares with Spain, Portugal’s culture was shaped by the influences from the Latin, Visigoth and Muslim cultures. Many men in Portugal go into the Atlantic to catch fish while the women are homebound doing chores like house work or cleaning the fish. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Portugal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The men are the bread winners while the women are the housewives who take care of the home. The kids are free to make their own decisions outside of their home. It is mandatory for children to go to school until 6th grade but after that they are free to choose to carry on in school or help out in the working society. Even though the children have freedom outside their homes, it is within the culture for children to not leave the house until married and have their own children because of the strong family ties. Divorce was not an option in Portugal for many years. After the revolution of 1974, divorce was finally allowed into the Portuguese culture dominated by the Roman Catholic religion. Portugal has been known to be a very homogenous society over the years with mainly one language and one religion, Portuguese and Roman Catholic respectively. The Do’s and Don’ts of the Portuguese Culture are quite simple but different from the way of life that we know here in the States. For example: each time you meet someone new, you take time to get to know them; do not use first names unless you know them very well, the Portuguese have a lot of respect for academic titles for doctors and engineers and are addressed accordingly; upon meeting for the first time, the Portuguese can be quite reserved and formal if they do not know you well; don’t write in red because it is considered rude; if invited to someone’s house, do bring flowers; do not stretch in public because it is also rude; tip taxis 10% on each ride and by just using common sense and smiling at all times you will not go far wrong. The food of Portugal Varies by the region you visit. In the north, there is caldo verde and sardines. Caldo verde is a type of kale potato soup flavored with a spicy sausage. This soup is eaten with broa, which is a grainy corn bread with thick crust. The traditional wine that goes with this food in this region would be the vinho verde. This is a young wine made from grapes that grow on arbors that often serve as property markers. In the northeastern region a popular dish is the Tras o Montes, which is fresh and cured pork used in many meals. A stew consisted of mixed meats and vegetables called cozida a portuguesa originated in this region has become a national dish. In central Portugal Cheeses are a very important part of the meal and fish like octopus, squid and eel. And finally in the south, a soup called gazpacho with bread and smoked pork. Overall as a nation, Bacalhau, or codfish, has been the most popular fish sine the 15th century. The Bacalhau croquettes are popular appetizers and for dessert cinnamon on top of rice pudding. Port wine which is the symbol of the city Porto, is a major export and is only used in rural households during ceremonial occasions or offered to celebrated guests. The annual killing and preserving of the pig is an important ceremony in the culture of Portugal. The event which last two days, usually occurs in late December or January. This process involves making sausage, smoking ham and salting other parts of the pig, including the stomach area. On the first day of this celebration called Sarrabulho, the noon meal consists of rice, innards and the blood of the pig. The country of Portugal observes fourteen holidays throughout the calendar year. The major days include the following: Freedom day (25th April), day that Portugal went from a dictatorship to a democracy in 1974; Portugal day (10th June), celebrates 16th century epic poem that brought fame and fortune to Portugal; Assumption (15th August), day Mary was taken into heaven; restoration of independence (1st December), celebrates the end of the Iberian Union. Many of their holidays fall are shared and fall on the same days as the US holidays like new years day, Good Friday, Easter, Labor Day and Christmas day. Clothing is a huge essential aspect of the culture in Portugal. The people of Portugal are very particular about their clothing attire and dressing styles. Like in many countries clothing ranges from the modern to traditional dressing patterns. The clothing industry plays a very important role in the economy of the country. The clothing ranges from the urban to the rural region. Usually the city people are extremely well dressed. They bear the resemblance of the western influence with western pattern clothing. In the rural areas, clothing is in tune with the traditional pattern of dressing. Men’s traditional outfits include stocking caps, berets that are teamed with trousers and baggy shirts. Women wear black shawls and long dresses. Black or dark colors are usually worn for carrying out daily chores, however brightly hued clothing is usually worn on special occasions. The music of Portugal was influenced by Ancient Rome’s traditions. The genres music include classical to popular. The history of the music can be divided into music production from the middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Romantic and Modern times. The music in Portugal offers a rich history and privileged geographical location which despite its European roots, reflects the intercontinental interactions with Portuguese discoveries. Despite all the rich culture in music, Portugal and more specifically the city of Lisbon is better known for the birth place of Fado. Fado is a melancholy urban genre of music that was believed to date back to the 15th century when it was believed that women would cry for the longing of their husbands who sailed the seas. Even though Arabs left the region in the 13th century, the instruments like the Portuguese guitar have Arabic imprints that are heavily used in the singing of Fado. In the year 1939, Fado became an international popular genre with Amalia Rodrigues. A Singer and actress, she made stylistic adjustments to Fado that have made her the most influential fadista of all time. Amalia Rodrigues revived the Fado tradition. She was followed by many new, young musicians who have contributed to the social/political revival of the music adapting and blending it with new trends. The new artists walk a fine line of adapting and carrying the old traditions while trying to bring in a new audience. Portugal takes a huge liking to the most popular sport in the world, football. Three major clubs that come out of Portugal are Sporting and Benfica both in Lisbon; and FC Porto based in Porto. The big three as they are known in Portugal not only compete in football but also in basketball, handball, futsal and volleyball. The Portuguese national team is one of the finest in Europe and the world and it evokes tremendous passion on its people. In studies it was proven that during the days of the National team games held throughout Portugal while hosting the Euro 2004 Championships, heart attacks increased by 46% for males with cardiovascular problems. With past players like Eusebio, Figo and now Christiano Ronaldo, Portugal has produced some of the best world class players in the game. Bullfighting is another popular sport. Unlike their Spanish compatriots, the Portuguese do not kill the bulls in the ring. The bullfighters come out usually dressed in an 18th century style coat and three-cornered hat. The horns of the bull are sheathed to protect the horse. The bullfighter, which is always on the horse, is followed by Forcados who are young men that take on the bull bare handed. And finally since Portugal is situated along the Atlantic Ocean, it is a popular destination for aquatic activities. It has become over the years a center for the activities the long seacoast and mild climate make for popular sailing, surfboarding and scuba diving. From the early 1990’s the Portuguese entrepreneurs along with the tourist board have heavily promoted the coastline for these popular sports and have been a revelation for the economy. From it’s vast array of food, including the ever so popular Bacalhau, to it’s most cherished music in Fado; Portugal has a unique mixture of cultural brilliance that’s sets it apart from it’s neighbor Spain and, for that matter, any country in Europe. With its pleasant climate along the coastline, it is not a surprise that they are hosts to many aquatic activities and produce a fine wine in Port. With Football being the hands down most popular sport in the country that drives the passion of the people, there is also an uprising of other sports through the big three clubs (Sporting, Benfica and Porto). Most importantly, family values and the cultures they create for the country of Portugal is still the core to most of the society who continue to live and have deep roots in their society modeled by their Catholic faith. References http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Portugal.html https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal How to cite Culture of Portugal, Essay examples

Factors in the Rise of Hitler Essay Example For Students

Factors in the Rise of Hitler Essay The rise of Adolph Hitler contained many key factors that allowed him to become the powerful dictator of Germany that we remember him as today. These factors range from the mindsets of the people around him to the economical factors of the day. Without each of these important conditions, Hitler’s rise to power might have been a much slower, or for that matter, inexistent, process. The first major factor was that Germany was experiencing a Great Depression, much like the situation in the United States. The people of the country were at a great low in their morale, and they were grasping for someone or something to make their lives a little bit better. That someone ended up being Hitler. He rose in popularity as he gave bread to the hungry, and made the people happier with his speeches about how the Germans were the best people on earth. Next, came the great amount of propaganda that Hitler fed to the German people. Since they were so fond of him for helping them during the Depression, they hung on every word he said, and they truly believed him when he made statements indicating that different peoples, especially Jews, were the ones who were making their lives as bad as they were. This propaganda made the people join in Hitler’s cause, and completely support him. These supporters were the ones that made Hitler become so strong. They became his soldiers, his strategists, and his suppliers. Without their initial support, his actions might have been deemed cruel and unnecessary, and the people of Germany could have stopped his work before it had gone very far. Of all of these factors, the most crucial to Hitler’s rise was the first element that, in turn, led to the other factors- the Great Depression. Without that situation, the German people could have possibly been more judgmental and not have accepted, as their leader, the first person to help them. The Depression gave these people mindsets that ultimately allowed their complete and total control by one man, Adolph Hitler. Bibliography:

School of Rock free essay sample

The camera zooms in until the title fills the screen. The S in the title is flickering suggesting the lights are quite old. Then the viewer can see the tag which the band is playing on. The important names in the film come into screen one at a time and then two at a time and then the less important peoples names come into view four at a time. Mike White is the films writer and he also plays Ned in the movie. He wrote the film specifically for Jack Black. The title graphics run through the whole of the first scene.There are no graphics however during Dewey Fins stage dive, which prepares the audience, because during the film Dewey always wants centre of attention. The graphics are not there which allows the audiences focus to be completely on Dewey The lighting at the start of the first scene is very dark and fades up. We will write a custom essay sample on School of Rock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is grubby, but the posters on the wall in the club stand out because they are bright. The lighting then red, as if danger is ahead or perhaps a warning. Then it is dark and gloomy and the only light is from behind a desk in the club.This shows the audience how Dews music career is doing, which is not very well. As the doors open to go through to the stage, the red lights from the movie title stand out. The silhouettes of the figures of the audience become visible to see. The brightest light is on the band when they are playing. From the extreme long shot, the spotlights on the band are really bright. When Dewey does his stage dive, the lights dim. Then the lighting goes green as there is an extreme close up on Dews face. The green lighting implies that Dewey is a bit drunk and may not feel well in the morning. At the start of the second scene, the light is natural coming through the window in Dews room indicating to the audience that it is a new day. From the start the heavy rock music is playing and it gradually gets louder as- the camera goes further into the club. The viewers can hear footsteps and also the woman at the door stamping everyones hand who enters the club. When the camera then goes through the doors the music gets even louder and then the cash machine pinging can also be heard. Once Dewey has done his stage dive, the crowds response is mixed.They are surprised but at the same time not too surprised because seconds ago Dewey had done a guitar solo and acted as if it was all about him. The music cuts out abruptly and glasses smash. There is also a big thud when he hits the ground. Then Dewey says, Wow, nobody caught me that was lame. He expected people to catch IM because he thinks he is really good, this also prepares the audience for how Dewey will continue to behave in the rest of the film. The main character is the film Dewey Finn. Dewey is in a heavy rock band and plays guitar.When the band are performing, Dewey wants to be the centre of attention. At one point he knocks the lead singer off balance. He does long guitar solos and wants to be like his idol Jim Hendrix which prepares the audience for the importance of music in the film and Dews dominating character. At the start of the second scene when Dewey is In his bed, it really shows what kind of person he is. He lives in an apartment with his friend Ned and his wife. He sleeps in the corner of the living room and on a mattress on the floor. The bed is surrounded by clothes and rubbish.There is a curtain around the bed where he sleeps. Dewey loves music and has shelves and shelves of Cads and L as. He also has his beloved guitar sitting up against his shelf. In a sense he is surrounded by music. Above his mattress, Dewey has a Black Sabbath scarf. The audience can see from this that having music in his life is important to Dewey, much more important than being clean and tidy or having a proper bed. Dews apartment is not very nice. The furniture is very old-fashioned and cheap. Instead of a table next to the armchair there is a stool. The television is old and sits on a trolley/stand, and at the bottom of the television stand there are videos which show the viewer that the apartment is behind the times. It looks like Dewey and Ned have had the flat since they were students and have not really moved on, which prepares the audience because Dewey is not very clean and does not take much pride in what he looks like. Another important character is Miss Rosalie Mullions. Miss Mullions is the principal at Horace Green Elementary Preparatory School, considered to be en of the best schools in America. She is brisk, business like and very efficient.There is a big contrast between Dewey and Miss Mullions. Dewey is very lazy and cannot be bothered to do anything. Principal Mullions is dressed in a shirt and tie with a blazer and trousers. She also wears glasses. The suit she wears is very much like how a male would dress. Compare this to Dewey who at the same time of day is still in his dressing gown, slouching around the apartment. Dews hair is very messy and greasy looking, meanwhile Miss Mullions hair is traditional and the viewer gets the impression that she is too us to get a haircut or that her hair is not one of her main priorities.This lets the audience see that there is a possibility of a clash in personalities because they appear to have so many differences. In her office, Miss Mullions, has shelves of knowledge books and encyclopedias, whereas Dews shelves are full of music. She has pupils artwork up on her wood paneled office walls. Also there is a Burger King crown on one of her shelves, suggesting she might have taken it from one of her pupils. The wood panels in her office show that the school is posh and quite wealthy. In contrast Dews flat is very old-fashioned and he has no none.On Miss Mullions desk she has a letter rack and an apple. On a separate table she has a globe and also a vase. At first it appeared that they were two very different characters, however later on in the movie, the viewers see that there are similarities between the two of them, which music helps to emphasis by Dewey entering his class into Battle of the Bands. In conclusion the use various techniques in the opening scenes, such as title graphics, lighting and sound, prepares the audience for the rest Of the film. The characters of Dewey Finn and Miss Mullions are central to the film and develop throughout the story.

Free Essays on The Runaway Universe

Donald Goldsmith graduated from Harvard College in 1963. He continued his education at UC Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in astronomy and where he later became a professor. Over the years, he has taught astronomy courses at many world-renowned institutions, including Stanford University, Cornell University, and University of California at Santa Cruse. For his achievement in popularizing astronomy, Goldsmith received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Astronomical Society, and the Science-writing Award from the American Institution of Physics. Goldsmith has written and edited over fifteen books. Some of his most famous works are: Worlds Unnumbered, Supernova! , Voyage to the Milky Way: The Future of Space Exploration, Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Extrasolar planets, Einstein’s Greatest Blunder? The Search for Life in the Universe, The Astronomers, Space Telescope: Eyes above the Atmosphere, Nemesis: The Death- Star and Other Theories of Mass Extin ctions, and Mysteries of the Milky Way. For many years scientists have been attempting to discover the secrets of the universe. For as long as recorded history, human curiosity has been concerned with what the universe is like and how it began. In his book Runaway Universe, Donald Goldsmith describes observations of distant supernova and teams of astronomers who compete to find ways to attack mysteries of the universe, including the bending of light by gravity, the formation of galaxies billion years ago, and the faint after growth of the creation. The Runaway Universe is an intriguing story filled with captivating information about the discoveries of the great astronomers of the twenty century. The book also addresses the current main problems of cosmology and opens a window into the future of the universe. Throughout the book, Donald Goldsmith emphasizes the historical development of astronomy and examines evidence submitted by the leading groups of scien... Free Essays on The Runaway Universe Free Essays on The Runaway Universe Donald Goldsmith graduated from Harvard College in 1963. He continued his education at UC Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in astronomy and where he later became a professor. Over the years, he has taught astronomy courses at many world-renowned institutions, including Stanford University, Cornell University, and University of California at Santa Cruse. For his achievement in popularizing astronomy, Goldsmith received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Astronomical Society, and the Science-writing Award from the American Institution of Physics. Goldsmith has written and edited over fifteen books. Some of his most famous works are: Worlds Unnumbered, Supernova! , Voyage to the Milky Way: The Future of Space Exploration, Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Extrasolar planets, Einstein’s Greatest Blunder? The Search for Life in the Universe, The Astronomers, Space Telescope: Eyes above the Atmosphere, Nemesis: The Death- Star and Other Theories of Mass Extin ctions, and Mysteries of the Milky Way. For many years scientists have been attempting to discover the secrets of the universe. For as long as recorded history, human curiosity has been concerned with what the universe is like and how it began. In his book Runaway Universe, Donald Goldsmith describes observations of distant supernova and teams of astronomers who compete to find ways to attack mysteries of the universe, including the bending of light by gravity, the formation of galaxies billion years ago, and the faint after growth of the creation. The Runaway Universe is an intriguing story filled with captivating information about the discoveries of the great astronomers of the twenty century. The book also addresses the current main problems of cosmology and opens a window into the future of the universe. Throughout the book, Donald Goldsmith emphasizes the historical development of astronomy and examines evidence submitted by the leading groups of scien...

Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cold War - Research Paper Example Communist world except China polarised with Soviet Union whereas the most of the democratic countries tied up with United States during this period. Most of the Eastern European countries were under communist administration during cold war and Soviet Union succeeded in bringing all of them under their umbrella, forming an Eastern Bloc whereas the Western European countries were mostly democratic in nature and hence they joined hand in hand with America during the cold war era. Even though, the militaries of these superpowers never clashed directly each other, there were too many proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race etc between these superpowers during the cold war era. This paper briefly analyses different dimensions of cold war. The term â€Å"Cold War† was first used in 1947 by Bernard Baruch, senior advisor to Harry Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, in reference to the frequently occurring and exacerbating crises between the United States and the former Soviet Union, despite having fought side-by-side against Nazi Germany in the Second World War. ... Nuclear arms race and the struggle for domination in the space missions were too much during the cold war era. â€Å"In 1992, a Soviet defector revealed to Western intelligence that he had overseen an extensive, illegal programme to develop smallpox into a highly effective biological weapon† (Flight). Moreover, the secret agencies in these countries also played their role effectively to strengthen the cold war. During the cold war era â€Å"the KGB, the 'sword and the shield' of the USSR, pitted its wits against its principal adversaries - the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States (CIA) and the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)† (Knightley) Even though, Germany, Britain and France were major forces prior to Second World War, after the Second World War, only America and Soviet Union did emerge as the world’s superpowers. The friendship between America and Soviet Union during the Second World War was only to destroy their common enemy Nazi German y. â€Å"In fact, one of America’s leading generals, Patton, stated that he felt that the Allied army should unite with what was left of the Wehrmacht in 1945, utilize the military genius and fight the oncoming Soviet Red Army† (What was the Cold War?). In short, even though America and Soviet Union cooperated in the fight against Nazi Germany, they never wasted any opportunities to blame each other. It was difficult for other countries to stay alone without seeking help from any of these superpowers at that time. Some countries like India, Yugoslavia, Egypt etc were tried to form another political bloc in the name of Non Aligned Movement (NAM), in order to keep equal distance with the two major superpowers. NAM started its