Why Did the Lewis and Clark Expedition Cross North America

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the Corps of Discovery  crossed the North American continent from 1804 to 1806, traveling from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back. The explorers kept journals and drew maps during their voyage, and their observations greatly increased the available information about the North American continent. Before they crossed the continent there were theories about what lay in the West, and most of them made little sense. Even the president at the time, Thomas Jefferson, was inclined to believe some fanciful legends about the mysterious regions no white Americans had seen. The journey of the Corps of Discovery was a carefully planned venture of the United States government, and it was not conducted simply for adventure. So why why did Lewis and Clark make their epic journey? In the political atmosphere of 1804, President Thomas Jefferson offered a practical reason that ensured Congress would appropriate funds for the expedition. But Jefferson also had several other reasons, ranging from purely scientific to a desire to thwart European nations from colonizing the western frontier of America. Earliest Idea For An Expedition Thomas Jefferson, the man who conceived of the expedition, was first interested in having men cross the North American continent as early as 1792, nearly a decade before he became president. He urged the American Philosophical Society, based in Philadelphia, to finance an expedition to explore the vast spaces of the West. But the plan did not materialize. In the summer of 1802, Jefferson, who had been president for a year, received a copy of a fascinating book written by Alexander MacKenzie, a Scottish explorer who had traveled across Canada to the Pacific Ocean and back. At his home at Monticello, Jefferson read MacKenzies account of his travels, sharing the book with his personal secretary, a young army veteran named Meriwether Lewis. The two men apparently took the voyage of MacKenzie as something of a challenge. Jefferson resolved that an American expedition should also explore the Northwest. The Official Reason: Commerce and Trade Jefferson believed that an expedition to the Pacific could only be properly funded and sponsored by the US government. To obtain the funds from Congress, Jefferson had to present a practical reason for sending explorers into the wilderness. It was also important to establish that the expedition was not setting out to provoke war with the Indian tribes found in the western wilderness. And it was also not setting out to claim territory. Trapping animals for their furs was a lucrative business at the time,  and Americans such as John Jacob Astor were building great fortunes based on the fur trade. And Jefferson knew that the British held a virtual monopoly on the fur trade in the Northwest. And as Jefferson felt that the US Constitution gave him the power to promote trade, he asked for an appropriation from Congress on those grounds. The proposal was that men exploring the Northwest would be seeking out opportunities where Americans could trap for furs or trade with friendly Indians. Jefferson requested an appropriation of $2,500 from the Congress. There was some skepticism expressed in Congress, but the money was provided. The Expedition Was Also for Science Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis, his personal secretary, to command the expedition. At Monticello, Jefferson had been teaching Lewis what he could about science. Jefferson also sent Lewis to Philadelphia for tutoring from scientific friends of Jeffersons, including Dr. Benjamin Rush. While in Philadelphia, Lewis received tutoring in several other subjects Jefferson thought would be useful. A noted surveyor, Andrew Ellicott, taught Lewis to take measurements with a sextant and octant. Lewis would use the navigational instruments to plot and record his geographic positions while on the journey. Lewis also received some tutoring in identifying plants, as one of the duties assigned to him by Jefferson would be to record the trees and plants growing in the west. Likewise, Lewis was taught some zoology to help him accurately describe and classify any previously unknown animal species which were rumored to roam the great plains and mountains of the west. The Issue of Conquest Lewis picked his former colleague in the US Army, William Clark, to help command the expedition because of Clarks known reputation as an Indian fighter. Yet Lewis had also been cautioned not to engage in combat with Indians, but to withdraw if violently challenged. Careful thought was given to the size of the expedition. Originally it was thought that a small group of men would have a better chance of success, but they might be too vulnerable to potentially hostile Indians. It was feared a larger group might be seen as provocative. The Corps of Discovery, as the men of the expedition would eventually be known, ultimately consisted of 27 volunteers recruited from US Army outposts along the Ohio River. Friendly engagement with Indians was a high priority of the expedition. Money was allocated for Indian gifts, which were medals and useful items such as cooking implements that could be given to Indians the men would meet on the way west. Lewis and Clark mostly avoided conflicts with Indians. And a Native American woman, Sacagawea, traveled with the expedition as an interpreter. While the expedition was never intended to start settlements in any of the area traversed, Jefferson was well aware that ships from other nations, including Britain and Russia, had already landed in the Pacific Northwest. Its probable that Jefferson and other Americans at the time may have feared that other nations would begin settling the Pacific coast just as the English, the Dutch, and the Spanish had settled the Atlantic coast of North America. So one unstated purpose of the expedition was to survey the area and thus provide knowledge that could be useful to later Americans who would travel west. The Exploration of the Louisiana Purchase It is often said that the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was to explore the Louisiana Purchase, the vast land purchase that doubled the size of the United States. In fact, the expedition had been planned and Jefferson was intent on it proceeding before the United States had any expectation of purchasing land from France. Jefferson and Meriwether Lewis had been actively planning for the expedition in 1802 and early 1803, and the word that Napoleon wished to sell Frances holdings in North American did not reach the United States until July 1803. Jefferson wrote at the time that the planned expedition would now be even more useful, as it would provide a survey of some of the new area now belonging to the United States. But the expedition was not originally conceived as a way to survey the Louisiana Purchase. Results of the Expedition The Lewis and Clark Expedition was considered a great success, and it did meet its official purpose, as it helped foster an American fur trade. And it also met the other various goals, especially by increasing scientific knowledge and providing more reliable maps. And the Lewis and Clark Expedition also strengthened a United States claim to the Oregon Territory, so the expedition did ultimately lead toward the settlement of the west.

Axonal Death And Alzheimer s Disease - 1477 Words

Introduction Axonal death is a main element in many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Axon degeneration does not necessarily have to involve the typical apoptotic pathway regardless of the morphological similarities to cells undergoing apoptosis. Yang et al. focused on axonal death in traumatic injury because it has been shown to be independent of the necroptotic pathway. This was discovered since treatment with necroptosis inhibitors did not protect axons. To reiterate, axonal death in traumatic injury has commonalities with other diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. If there is a greater understanding for the†¦show more content†¦Axonal degeneration does have a significant impact on many neurodegenerative diseases. Their research found that this particular pathway, Sarm1-MAPK pathway, may be a common pathway for differe nt types of axonal degeneration, not just from traumatic injury. If the main pathway or underlying mechanism that drives these diseases is uncovered and understood, then this can lead to creating different methods to protect synapses and axons in these diseases. Other research can focus on trying to inhibit the Sarm1-MAPK pathway, or at least inhibit distinct components within it. Their research is pertinent to finding a cure or possible treatments for many of these diseases. This will have multiple implications on society, medicine, and the quality of life for many people suffering with the many debilitating symptoms associated with these diseases. Experimental System In order to examine axons undergoing degeneration after traumatic injury, they observed axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse optic nerves. 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Culture of Portugal Free Essays

The country of Portugal has many rich cultural facets in food, music and sports. Situated on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula that it shares with Spain, Portugal’s culture was shaped by the influences from the Latin, Visigoth and Muslim cultures. Many men in Portugal go into the Atlantic to catch fish while the women are homebound doing chores like house work or cleaning the fish. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Portugal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The men are the bread winners while the women are the housewives who take care of the home. The kids are free to make their own decisions outside of their home. It is mandatory for children to go to school until 6th grade but after that they are free to choose to carry on in school or help out in the working society. Even though the children have freedom outside their homes, it is within the culture for children to not leave the house until married and have their own children because of the strong family ties. Divorce was not an option in Portugal for many years. After the revolution of 1974, divorce was finally allowed into the Portuguese culture dominated by the Roman Catholic religion. Portugal has been known to be a very homogenous society over the years with mainly one language and one religion, Portuguese and Roman Catholic respectively. The Do’s and Don’ts of the Portuguese Culture are quite simple but different from the way of life that we know here in the States. For example: each time you meet someone new, you take time to get to know them; do not use first names unless you know them very well, the Portuguese have a lot of respect for academic titles for doctors and engineers and are addressed accordingly; upon meeting for the first time, the Portuguese can be quite reserved and formal if they do not know you well; don’t write in red because it is considered rude; if invited to someone’s house, do bring flowers; do not stretch in public because it is also rude; tip taxis 10% on each ride and by just using common sense and smiling at all times you will not go far wrong. The food of Portugal Varies by the region you visit. In the north, there is caldo verde and sardines. Caldo verde is a type of kale potato soup flavored with a spicy sausage. This soup is eaten with broa, which is a grainy corn bread with thick crust. The traditional wine that goes with this food in this region would be the vinho verde. This is a young wine made from grapes that grow on arbors that often serve as property markers. In the northeastern region a popular dish is the Tras o Montes, which is fresh and cured pork used in many meals. A stew consisted of mixed meats and vegetables called cozida a portuguesa originated in this region has become a national dish. In central Portugal Cheeses are a very important part of the meal and fish like octopus, squid and eel. And finally in the south, a soup called gazpacho with bread and smoked pork. Overall as a nation, Bacalhau, or codfish, has been the most popular fish sine the 15th century. The Bacalhau croquettes are popular appetizers and for dessert cinnamon on top of rice pudding. Port wine which is the symbol of the city Porto, is a major export and is only used in rural households during ceremonial occasions or offered to celebrated guests. The annual killing and preserving of the pig is an important ceremony in the culture of Portugal. The event which last two days, usually occurs in late December or January. This process involves making sausage, smoking ham and salting other parts of the pig, including the stomach area. On the first day of this celebration called Sarrabulho, the noon meal consists of rice, innards and the blood of the pig. The country of Portugal observes fourteen holidays throughout the calendar year. The major days include the following: Freedom day (25th April), day that Portugal went from a dictatorship to a democracy in 1974; Portugal day (10th June), celebrates 16th century epic poem that brought fame and fortune to Portugal; Assumption (15th August), day Mary was taken into heaven; restoration of independence (1st December), celebrates the end of the Iberian Union. Many of their holidays fall are shared and fall on the same days as the US holidays like new years day, Good Friday, Easter, Labor Day and Christmas day. Clothing is a huge essential aspect of the culture in Portugal. The people of Portugal are very particular about their clothing attire and dressing styles. Like in many countries clothing ranges from the modern to traditional dressing patterns. The clothing industry plays a very important role in the economy of the country. The clothing ranges from the urban to the rural region. Usually the city people are extremely well dressed. They bear the resemblance of the western influence with western pattern clothing. In the rural areas, clothing is in tune with the traditional pattern of dressing. Men’s traditional outfits include stocking caps, berets that are teamed with trousers and baggy shirts. Women wear black shawls and long dresses. Black or dark colors are usually worn for carrying out daily chores, however brightly hued clothing is usually worn on special occasions. The music of Portugal was influenced by Ancient Rome’s traditions. The genres music include classical to popular. The history of the music can be divided into music production from the middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Romantic and Modern times. The music in Portugal offers a rich history and privileged geographical location which despite its European roots, reflects the intercontinental interactions with Portuguese discoveries. Despite all the rich culture in music, Portugal and more specifically the city of Lisbon is better known for the birth place of Fado. Fado is a melancholy urban genre of music that was believed to date back to the 15th century when it was believed that women would cry for the longing of their husbands who sailed the seas. Even though Arabs left the region in the 13th century, the instruments like the Portuguese guitar have Arabic imprints that are heavily used in the singing of Fado. In the year 1939, Fado became an international popular genre with Amalia Rodrigues. A Singer and actress, she made stylistic adjustments to Fado that have made her the most influential fadista of all time. Amalia Rodrigues revived the Fado tradition. She was followed by many new, young musicians who have contributed to the social/political revival of the music adapting and blending it with new trends. The new artists walk a fine line of adapting and carrying the old traditions while trying to bring in a new audience. Portugal takes a huge liking to the most popular sport in the world, football. Three major clubs that come out of Portugal are Sporting and Benfica both in Lisbon; and FC Porto based in Porto. The big three as they are known in Portugal not only compete in football but also in basketball, handball, futsal and volleyball. The Portuguese national team is one of the finest in Europe and the world and it evokes tremendous passion on its people. In studies it was proven that during the days of the National team games held throughout Portugal while hosting the Euro 2004 Championships, heart attacks increased by 46% for males with cardiovascular problems. With past players like Eusebio, Figo and now Christiano Ronaldo, Portugal has produced some of the best world class players in the game. Bullfighting is another popular sport. Unlike their Spanish compatriots, the Portuguese do not kill the bulls in the ring. The bullfighters come out usually dressed in an 18th century style coat and three-cornered hat. The horns of the bull are sheathed to protect the horse. The bullfighter, which is always on the horse, is followed by Forcados who are young men that take on the bull bare handed. And finally since Portugal is situated along the Atlantic Ocean, it is a popular destination for aquatic activities. It has become over the years a center for the activities the long seacoast and mild climate make for popular sailing, surfboarding and scuba diving. From the early 1990’s the Portuguese entrepreneurs along with the tourist board have heavily promoted the coastline for these popular sports and have been a revelation for the economy. From it’s vast array of food, including the ever so popular Bacalhau, to it’s most cherished music in Fado; Portugal has a unique mixture of cultural brilliance that’s sets it apart from it’s neighbor Spain and, for that matter, any country in Europe. With its pleasant climate along the coastline, it is not a surprise that they are hosts to many aquatic activities and produce a fine wine in Port. With Football being the hands down most popular sport in the country that drives the passion of the people, there is also an uprising of other sports through the big three clubs (Sporting, Benfica and Porto). Most importantly, family values and the cultures they create for the country of Portugal is still the core to most of the society who continue to live and have deep roots in their society modeled by their Catholic faith. References http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Portugal.html https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal How to cite Culture of Portugal, Essay examples

Factors in the Rise of Hitler Essay Example For Students

Factors in the Rise of Hitler Essay The rise of Adolph Hitler contained many key factors that allowed him to become the powerful dictator of Germany that we remember him as today. These factors range from the mindsets of the people around him to the economical factors of the day. Without each of these important conditions, Hitler’s rise to power might have been a much slower, or for that matter, inexistent, process. The first major factor was that Germany was experiencing a Great Depression, much like the situation in the United States. The people of the country were at a great low in their morale, and they were grasping for someone or something to make their lives a little bit better. That someone ended up being Hitler. He rose in popularity as he gave bread to the hungry, and made the people happier with his speeches about how the Germans were the best people on earth. Next, came the great amount of propaganda that Hitler fed to the German people. Since they were so fond of him for helping them during the Depression, they hung on every word he said, and they truly believed him when he made statements indicating that different peoples, especially Jews, were the ones who were making their lives as bad as they were. This propaganda made the people join in Hitler’s cause, and completely support him. These supporters were the ones that made Hitler become so strong. They became his soldiers, his strategists, and his suppliers. Without their initial support, his actions might have been deemed cruel and unnecessary, and the people of Germany could have stopped his work before it had gone very far. Of all of these factors, the most crucial to Hitler’s rise was the first element that, in turn, led to the other factors- the Great Depression. Without that situation, the German people could have possibly been more judgmental and not have accepted, as their leader, the first person to help them. The Depression gave these people mindsets that ultimately allowed their complete and total control by one man, Adolph Hitler. Bibliography:

School of Rock free essay sample

The camera zooms in until the title fills the screen. The S in the title is flickering suggesting the lights are quite old. Then the viewer can see the tag which the band is playing on. The important names in the film come into screen one at a time and then two at a time and then the less important peoples names come into view four at a time. Mike White is the films writer and he also plays Ned in the movie. He wrote the film specifically for Jack Black. The title graphics run through the whole of the first scene.There are no graphics however during Dewey Fins stage dive, which prepares the audience, because during the film Dewey always wants centre of attention. The graphics are not there which allows the audiences focus to be completely on Dewey The lighting at the start of the first scene is very dark and fades up. We will write a custom essay sample on School of Rock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is grubby, but the posters on the wall in the club stand out because they are bright. The lighting then red, as if danger is ahead or perhaps a warning. Then it is dark and gloomy and the only light is from behind a desk in the club.This shows the audience how Dews music career is doing, which is not very well. As the doors open to go through to the stage, the red lights from the movie title stand out. The silhouettes of the figures of the audience become visible to see. The brightest light is on the band when they are playing. From the extreme long shot, the spotlights on the band are really bright. When Dewey does his stage dive, the lights dim. Then the lighting goes green as there is an extreme close up on Dews face. The green lighting implies that Dewey is a bit drunk and may not feel well in the morning. At the start of the second scene, the light is natural coming through the window in Dews room indicating to the audience that it is a new day. From the start the heavy rock music is playing and it gradually gets louder as- the camera goes further into the club. The viewers can hear footsteps and also the woman at the door stamping everyones hand who enters the club. When the camera then goes through the doors the music gets even louder and then the cash machine pinging can also be heard. Once Dewey has done his stage dive, the crowds response is mixed.They are surprised but at the same time not too surprised because seconds ago Dewey had done a guitar solo and acted as if it was all about him. The music cuts out abruptly and glasses smash. There is also a big thud when he hits the ground. Then Dewey says, Wow, nobody caught me that was lame. He expected people to catch IM because he thinks he is really good, this also prepares the audience for how Dewey will continue to behave in the rest of the film. The main character is the film Dewey Finn. Dewey is in a heavy rock band and plays guitar.When the band are performing, Dewey wants to be the centre of attention. At one point he knocks the lead singer off balance. He does long guitar solos and wants to be like his idol Jim Hendrix which prepares the audience for the importance of music in the film and Dews dominating character. At the start of the second scene when Dewey is In his bed, it really shows what kind of person he is. He lives in an apartment with his friend Ned and his wife. He sleeps in the corner of the living room and on a mattress on the floor. The bed is surrounded by clothes and rubbish.There is a curtain around the bed where he sleeps. Dewey loves music and has shelves and shelves of Cads and L as. He also has his beloved guitar sitting up against his shelf. In a sense he is surrounded by music. Above his mattress, Dewey has a Black Sabbath scarf. The audience can see from this that having music in his life is important to Dewey, much more important than being clean and tidy or having a proper bed. Dews apartment is not very nice. The furniture is very old-fashioned and cheap. Instead of a table next to the armchair there is a stool. The television is old and sits on a trolley/stand, and at the bottom of the television stand there are videos which show the viewer that the apartment is behind the times. It looks like Dewey and Ned have had the flat since they were students and have not really moved on, which prepares the audience because Dewey is not very clean and does not take much pride in what he looks like. Another important character is Miss Rosalie Mullions. Miss Mullions is the principal at Horace Green Elementary Preparatory School, considered to be en of the best schools in America. She is brisk, business like and very efficient.There is a big contrast between Dewey and Miss Mullions. Dewey is very lazy and cannot be bothered to do anything. Principal Mullions is dressed in a shirt and tie with a blazer and trousers. She also wears glasses. The suit she wears is very much like how a male would dress. Compare this to Dewey who at the same time of day is still in his dressing gown, slouching around the apartment. Dews hair is very messy and greasy looking, meanwhile Miss Mullions hair is traditional and the viewer gets the impression that she is too us to get a haircut or that her hair is not one of her main priorities.This lets the audience see that there is a possibility of a clash in personalities because they appear to have so many differences. In her office, Miss Mullions, has shelves of knowledge books and encyclopedias, whereas Dews shelves are full of music. She has pupils artwork up on her wood paneled office walls. Also there is a Burger King crown on one of her shelves, suggesting she might have taken it from one of her pupils. The wood panels in her office show that the school is posh and quite wealthy. In contrast Dews flat is very old-fashioned and he has no none.On Miss Mullions desk she has a letter rack and an apple. On a separate table she has a globe and also a vase. At first it appeared that they were two very different characters, however later on in the movie, the viewers see that there are similarities between the two of them, which music helps to emphasis by Dewey entering his class into Battle of the Bands. In conclusion the use various techniques in the opening scenes, such as title graphics, lighting and sound, prepares the audience for the rest Of the film. The characters of Dewey Finn and Miss Mullions are central to the film and develop throughout the story.

Free Essays on The Runaway Universe

Donald Goldsmith graduated from Harvard College in 1963. He continued his education at UC Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in astronomy and where he later became a professor. Over the years, he has taught astronomy courses at many world-renowned institutions, including Stanford University, Cornell University, and University of California at Santa Cruse. For his achievement in popularizing astronomy, Goldsmith received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Astronomical Society, and the Science-writing Award from the American Institution of Physics. Goldsmith has written and edited over fifteen books. Some of his most famous works are: Worlds Unnumbered, Supernova! , Voyage to the Milky Way: The Future of Space Exploration, Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Extrasolar planets, Einstein’s Greatest Blunder? The Search for Life in the Universe, The Astronomers, Space Telescope: Eyes above the Atmosphere, Nemesis: The Death- Star and Other Theories of Mass Extin ctions, and Mysteries of the Milky Way. For many years scientists have been attempting to discover the secrets of the universe. For as long as recorded history, human curiosity has been concerned with what the universe is like and how it began. In his book Runaway Universe, Donald Goldsmith describes observations of distant supernova and teams of astronomers who compete to find ways to attack mysteries of the universe, including the bending of light by gravity, the formation of galaxies billion years ago, and the faint after growth of the creation. The Runaway Universe is an intriguing story filled with captivating information about the discoveries of the great astronomers of the twenty century. The book also addresses the current main problems of cosmology and opens a window into the future of the universe. Throughout the book, Donald Goldsmith emphasizes the historical development of astronomy and examines evidence submitted by the leading groups of scien... Free Essays on The Runaway Universe Free Essays on The Runaway Universe Donald Goldsmith graduated from Harvard College in 1963. He continued his education at UC Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in astronomy and where he later became a professor. Over the years, he has taught astronomy courses at many world-renowned institutions, including Stanford University, Cornell University, and University of California at Santa Cruse. For his achievement in popularizing astronomy, Goldsmith received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Astronomical Society, and the Science-writing Award from the American Institution of Physics. Goldsmith has written and edited over fifteen books. Some of his most famous works are: Worlds Unnumbered, Supernova! , Voyage to the Milky Way: The Future of Space Exploration, Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Extrasolar planets, Einstein’s Greatest Blunder? The Search for Life in the Universe, The Astronomers, Space Telescope: Eyes above the Atmosphere, Nemesis: The Death- Star and Other Theories of Mass Extin ctions, and Mysteries of the Milky Way. For many years scientists have been attempting to discover the secrets of the universe. For as long as recorded history, human curiosity has been concerned with what the universe is like and how it began. In his book Runaway Universe, Donald Goldsmith describes observations of distant supernova and teams of astronomers who compete to find ways to attack mysteries of the universe, including the bending of light by gravity, the formation of galaxies billion years ago, and the faint after growth of the creation. The Runaway Universe is an intriguing story filled with captivating information about the discoveries of the great astronomers of the twenty century. The book also addresses the current main problems of cosmology and opens a window into the future of the universe. Throughout the book, Donald Goldsmith emphasizes the historical development of astronomy and examines evidence submitted by the leading groups of scien...

Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cold War - Research Paper Example Communist world except China polarised with Soviet Union whereas the most of the democratic countries tied up with United States during this period. Most of the Eastern European countries were under communist administration during cold war and Soviet Union succeeded in bringing all of them under their umbrella, forming an Eastern Bloc whereas the Western European countries were mostly democratic in nature and hence they joined hand in hand with America during the cold war era. Even though, the militaries of these superpowers never clashed directly each other, there were too many proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race etc between these superpowers during the cold war era. This paper briefly analyses different dimensions of cold war. The term â€Å"Cold War† was first used in 1947 by Bernard Baruch, senior advisor to Harry Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, in reference to the frequently occurring and exacerbating crises between the United States and the former Soviet Union, despite having fought side-by-side against Nazi Germany in the Second World War. ... Nuclear arms race and the struggle for domination in the space missions were too much during the cold war era. â€Å"In 1992, a Soviet defector revealed to Western intelligence that he had overseen an extensive, illegal programme to develop smallpox into a highly effective biological weapon† (Flight). Moreover, the secret agencies in these countries also played their role effectively to strengthen the cold war. During the cold war era â€Å"the KGB, the 'sword and the shield' of the USSR, pitted its wits against its principal adversaries - the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States (CIA) and the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)† (Knightley) Even though, Germany, Britain and France were major forces prior to Second World War, after the Second World War, only America and Soviet Union did emerge as the world’s superpowers. The friendship between America and Soviet Union during the Second World War was only to destroy their common enemy Nazi German y. â€Å"In fact, one of America’s leading generals, Patton, stated that he felt that the Allied army should unite with what was left of the Wehrmacht in 1945, utilize the military genius and fight the oncoming Soviet Red Army† (What was the Cold War?). In short, even though America and Soviet Union cooperated in the fight against Nazi Germany, they never wasted any opportunities to blame each other. It was difficult for other countries to stay alone without seeking help from any of these superpowers at that time. Some countries like India, Yugoslavia, Egypt etc were tried to form another political bloc in the name of Non Aligned Movement (NAM), in order to keep equal distance with the two major superpowers. NAM started its

Opportunity cost direct and indirect cost.&marginal cost, average cost Assignment

Opportunity cost direct and indirect cost.&marginal cost, average cost and sunk cost - Assignment Example Foregone opportunity cost is the cost of the discarded cost choice, the $50 work (McEachern 30). Q2. Last month, I was on a pondering mood. I had to scrutinize a sunk cost obstacle. A sunk cost is cost that had been previously used or paid, not recoverable (Mankiw 262). Gathering and analyzing the gym cost facts paid Last August 2012. The average activity cost was higher than the marginal cost. Marginal cost is higher than the basic cost. The cost is also known as incremental cost (Geetika384). I paid only $25 for one month’s unlimited use of the Gym. On the other hand, the average activity cost was $ 5 for each class. The average activity cost is the mean of all the relevant total activity costs (Taylor 214). Since I projected to attend 28 classes in one week, the total cost summed up to $ 140. Consequently, $140 is definitely higher than the $25

Safety, Health & Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Safety, Health & Security - Essay Example The impact of positive and negative stress on the workplace should be determined. The need for workplace health, safety, and security training should be assessed. And last but not least, effective violence prevention programs should be designed to prevent sexual harassment, unethical behavior, etc. at work. In the western world, development of workplace has been characterized by technologies and jobs that are designed to improve productivity and processes. However, in many cases it has been found that adequate care has not been taken in ascertaining the impact of the job process or technology on the workers. This has led to various imbalances at the workplace, which resulted into attrition, job dissatisfaction, excessive stress, and fall in productivity, etc. Sometimes, it can be observed that machines involved in the work processes have been unnecessarily dangerous. Hence, there is urgency in the industries to improve the conditions at the workplace to give the workers a better environment. Thus, a need of ergonomic research and development has emerged. Ergonomics can be defined as a multi-disciplinary science that seeks to conform the workplace and all its physiological aspects to the worker (Goetsch, 2011). It deals with the different subjects entailed in the improvement of the work place conditions. Ergonomic problems in the workplace manifest among the workers in various ways. The problems are indicated by the conditions of the human factors at the workplace. The bad effects of below standard or unsuitable equipments and systems on the human beings at work can become discernable in the following ways: 1. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) can vary from common pains and aches to relatively more serious difficulties. Medical practitioners recommend that symptoms and signs of physical difficulties at work must be reported before a permanent damage or serious injury actually occurs. The most frequent MSDs that can be observed among the workers in particularly

Globalization And The Rise Of Multinational Corporations Marketing Essay

Globalization And The Rise Of Multinational Corporations Marketing Essay Is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. In the world of international business there are lots of strategic options which usually used to measure performance of the business, but here will be using Ansoff matrix on the four (4) strategic options preferable, although each strategic option has its risks involved. 1.1 Globalization and the rise of multinational corporations and branding According to Smith and Doyle (2002): A further, crucial aspect of globalization is the nature and power of multinational corporations. Such companies now account for over 33 per cent of world output, and 66 per cent of world trade (Gray 1999: 62). Significantly, something like a quarter of world trade occurs within multinational corporations (op. cit). This last point is well illustrated by the operations of car manufacturers who typically source their components from plants situated in different countries. However, it is important not to run away with the idea that the sort of globalization we have been discussing involves multinationals turning, on any large scale, to transnational: International businesses are still largely confined to their home territory in terms of their overall business activity; they remain heavily nationally embedded and continue to be multinational, rather than transnational, corporations. (Hirst and Thompson 1996: 98). 1.2 Advantage of globalization Increase competition Globalization has made the competition rises due to technology, most business people has knowledge on how to capture customers by introducing innovation which increase more advantage to consumers, competition is always good to consumers because of the decreases in the price. 1.3 Disadvantage of globalization Terrorism This is one of the disadvantages of globalization, in view of the fact that when different people gathered in one place can create violence, especially murder and bombing, which is not good for business and for country and the citizens. 2.0 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE GROWTH IN GLOBALIZATION 2.1 The liberalization of international trade The removal of trade barriers has been the source of increasing international trade and changes in customers taste and preference, there has been more freedom of importing and exporting the goods / services exchanged from one country to the other, not only that but also trade protection methods have been minimal such as tariffs and quotas. 2.2 Technological progress Technological advancement has also help to reduce international barriers, most likely the use of internet facilities has more power when it comes to doing business online, its very easy and it can also help to reduce cost of transportation and other fair of travelling. Nonetheless, not only the internet provide such access to consumers but there are such facilities which create product awareness for consumers to see and be able to demand those facilities which encouraged globalization including, application of mobile telephones, satellite communication such as DSTV, global media networks such as BBC, CNN, AL-JAZEERA and VIDEO-CONFERENCING, which helps to lessen barriers to the business such decreasing operating / production cost. 2.3 Cultural awareness and recognition This has increased more awareness and tastes to some consumers; for instance, in the movie industry there are now more recognition on Hollywood, Bollywood and even Nollywood (Nigerian movies) 3.0 THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON BUSINESS ACTIVITY Globalization can not only provide opportunity to business but also there are some risks/threats in it. 3.1 Increasing competition One of the effects regarding globalization is increasing competition in business, such as mobile phones, in China due to high demand of mobile phones they are now trying to imitate products of other mobile companies like Nokia just trying to compete with them, and yes here in Tanzania, there are very high demand regarding Chinese phones due to its affordable price. 3.2 Economies of location This is one of the positive effects when trying to produce more products on location which is much more cost effective due to power of producing in economies of scale within economies of location, like China is the best place to invest since the productions are likely to be more cheaper, that is, the amount to be paid to one America employee could pay almost ten employees in China, that is the reason as to why the whole world prefers China to be a production place. 3.3 Mergers, acquisitions and Joint Ventures, franchises These factors allows business to spread around nations due to the forces joined between one company / country or business just to make sure they grow-up and fasten, for instance Mc Donald has decided to join forces by franchising the business in the world, which is true, has definitely became well known in the business. 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUR ANSOFF MATRIX MODELS ANALYSIS Globalization makes alliances an essential part of a firms strategy in order to stay competitive and to achieve superior performance. To better capture global opportunities, firms tend to cooperate with other firms to capitalize on and leverage their limited resources since it is impossible for one firm to do it all and do it alone. Similarly, in order to cope with increasing global competitive threats, firms are likely to form alliances .Based on the classical industrial organization perspective-the market power, firms form alliances to reduce competition and uncertainty. Through such cooperation, companies gain market power that helps alleviate competition and improve its competitive position. The decision to enter into a foreign market can be influenced by globalization which could be willingness of the business people, who are willing to go far just to make sure that they expand their market. There are several ways to enter into a foreign market by using the Ansoff matrix as follow:- 4.1 Market penetration (existing market, existing product) Market penetration is one of the strategies used in the existing customers just to make sure sales are increasing without pooling the product out of the market, nevertheless by using market penetration they could use more activities just to make sure that their existing product is well known around the world, for instance to start advertising in multinational countries just like Dutch advertises their products such as, yoghurts, shampoo, milk and even other products, by advertising even in our country they do create such opportunities for penetrating and creating more demand for those who did not have an idea about their products. This strategy not only penetrating the product but also struggling to retain the existing customer for such product because its not very hard to get customers but retaining those customers is very hard job thus, there are lots of strategies in the world of business one of them is marketing, just to make sure the business is well known. For instance Coca cola company has been doing some of the broadening on its own and some in partnership with other companies (Daniels et al, 2008, p.570) just to make sure the coca-cola brand is well known in the world. The coca cola company has gone so far as to test the market in Singapore, Toronto, and even have the coffee shops. Also Coca cola company has joint venture with Nestle for tea products outside the unites state and a joint venture with Cargill to develop a new sweetener to put into drinks (Daniels et al, 2008, p 571) 4.2 Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors Increase usage by existing customers. For example by introducing loyalty schemes (Mike Morrison, 2011) 4.3 Market development (new market, existing product) This is one of the market strategies which involve moving the existing product further in international market so as to gain more customers from international market, not only going across or beyond the borders but also attracting new customers in the same product so as to gain more advantage and even to maximize sales. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Exporting is example of one of the market entry modes, which use a direct sells, goods can be produced within a country and exported to a foreign countries just to capture new customers with the same products which sold in home country. Example of Coca-Cola when entered the Turkish market, it tried exporting from Turkey to Kyrgyzstan, the result unfortunately was a soft drink price of more than four times what it cost to buy a soft drink bottled in Kyrgyzstan itself.(Daniels et al, 2008, p 575) Product its likely to expand more to the foreign countries and have more customers than the home country, this is due to the fact that in the home country customers could change their taste and preference due to time factor, that could be one of the reason why selling abroad so as not to lose market share, at the same time that unwanted product can be re innovated so as to have customers in the home country, for instance, by trying to change packaging of the products, or even change the name. 4.4 Product development (existing market, new products) This is new products in existing market, this is happening when there is product innovation to address the same market towards ensuring that customers are being more satisfied with innovation of the product, this can be done due to so many reasons like: Product has just gone out of the fashion Didnt satisfy customers due to taste and preferences Globalization issues (Mike Morrison, 2011) When the product has just go beyond the fashion it was meant like, here in our country( Tanzania) there are some shoes which are in fashion at the moment, it seems that all women use to wear such fashionable shoes that is due to globalization technology, we can see on Television through DSTV and other fashion Television. Nevertheless this fashion keeps on changing when time passes they will change that fashion in the sense that in the existing market and customers with more fashionable shoes. Didnt satisfy customers due to taste and preferences in the sense that customers taste and preference keeps on changing due to globalization and free trade. Businesspersons can import and export more goods and services depending upon the needs and requirements basing on customers changing tastes to better reflect customers demand. For instance, Tanzania has green tea of its own, but at the moment there are many brands of tea from other countries with different tastes like lemon, tea and others. Therefore, customers might be attracted to shift from the old brands to the new ones. The business could succeed if there is use of one of entry modes like the coordination between two parties, could be two or more people, companies, or even two countries, joint venture can be formed due to numerous rationale like, technology sharing and product development, market entry for a certain county, and even in compliance for the country legal actions, for instance quotas, taxes and tariffs. For example in case of China, it wholly owns its concentrate plant but has joint ventures with various bottling plants, coca cola ownership in foreign bottling operations has became sufficiently significant that it has set up a bottle investment group within the country.(Daniels et al, 2008, p 570) Joint venture can be of useful for the matrix model for implementing those four strategies in order to persuaded market expanding, for instance developing new market to a foreign countries could diversify profit, and even product recognition like Mc Donalds burger king, is well known all over the world. Globalization issues, here meant that, since it is very free to do international business, the world has just been like a village, China can come in Tanzania and do business with Tanzanian, likewise, people between these two countries can not only do business but can also exchange so many things like ideas on what to do business, how they live in their own country, taboos, cuisine, dress code, these can definitely make customers want to experience the differences. 4.5 Diversification (new product, new market) This is where the market is completely new, and products to new customers. There are two types of diversification, namely related and unrelated diversification. Related diversification means that remain in a market or industry with which are familiar. (Mike Morrison, 2011) The diversification can be divided again into horizontal, vertical and lateral diversification. The horizontal diversification is the extension of the production programs. The vertical diversification is the sales stage stored by products pre order. The lateral diversification is the sales of completely new products, which are within the range of the technology and marketing in no connection. (Mike Morrison, 2011) Diversification is an inherently higher risk strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience. For a business to adopt a diversification strategy, it must have a clear idea about what it expects to gain from the strategy and a transparent and honest assessment of the risks This situation is likely to occur to several situations when moving internationally, diversifying is a good strategy because it help to improve sales by having Strategic Business Units (SBUs) because if one product doesnt respond positively in the market other products might perform better, and that can at least reduce failure of the other products because obviously there would be wastage of resources but can be covered to some extent., or even though business can be diversify by using international entry modes to create brand awareness. For instance, franchising This is one of the market entries which assist market expanding when need to go international, franchisor allow franchisee to use the name of the business so as to expand his/ her market share, this is tremendous fine due to the fact that one can have higher profit for the expansion of sells by using someone elses name and business formulae, For instance coca cola company, if franchise with them, they will surely provide formulae, then franchisee will only have to mix with water to have formulae complete. Another example is from Mc Donalds; franchisee should be provided with each and every aspect which will accomplish the meal with the same taste as if were produced by Mc Donalds company, though it is costly. Not only that but also they could even use licensing to which indispensable part when going global, as a means to penetrate into global market, so as to have legal when it comes to use property of your licensor, for instance intangible property such as patents, trademark, and production techniques. The licensee needs to pay fee to the licensor to be able to have the technique assistance if possible, there it will be possible for licensee to market his/her product by using the matrix model, like selling more of the products outside the home country and diversify the profit Conclusion Globalization controlling the world, the whole world has became such a small world, this situation made people to know good and bad due to expansion of technology, therefore applying Ansoff matrix tools when doing business is the most preferable way to do so since it well analyze how managers should behave when going international. APPENDIX 1.1 THE ANSOFF MATRIX FIGURE http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/AnsoffFig1.gif

Otto Dix Essay -- Painters Painting Artists Art Etching Essays

Otto Dix Otto Dix was a German painter and etcher, most of whose works were created in World War One, World War Two, and Post War Germany. He was both a successful painter during his life time and political, having many works which commented on German social conditions of the time. He lived through war and created art that told about the horrors he saw it causing. Born in Untermhause, Germany (near Gera) on December 2, 1891, Otto Dix was involved with art most of his life. He apprenticed as a painter and decorator while he was growing up and supported himself as a portrait painter when he became a student at the Dresden School of Arts and Crafts. When World War One began, he volunteered for service in the German Army and saw service first as part of an artillery regiment and then in a machine gun unit. During his first experience with war, Dix saw action on both the Russian and French fronts, earned an Iron Cross (second class), achieved the rank of vice-sergeant-major, and saw horrors that inspired much of his work. After the war, he attended the Dà ¼sseldorf Academy of Art and then returned to the Dresden Academy of Art, this time as a Professor. During this time he produced many works and gained recognition not only in Germany but also in America, having exhibitions displayed throughout Germany and in New York. When the Nazi party rose to power in Germany, they declared the work of many modern artists, including the works of Otto Dix, â€Å"unwholesome†. Dix was dismissed from his professorship at the Dresden Academy by the Nazis and banned from exhibiting. His work was featured in several Nazi displays of â€Å"Degenerate† art including â€Å"Reflection of Degeneracy†, â€Å"The Spirit of November: Art in the Service of Demoralization†, both ... ...by Movement: Die Neue Schlichkeit. Artcyclopedia. 26 Jan. 2004 . Dix, Otto. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Jan. 2004 . Neue Sachlichkeit: New Objectivity in the Visual Arts. 26 Jan. 2004 . Otto Dix. 1 Jan. 2002. 26 Jan. 2004 . Otto Dix. 4 May 1998. 26 Jan. 2004 . Otto Dix Article. Arts Zone. 26 Jan. 2004 . Otto Dix. FortuneCity. 26 Jan. 2004 . Otto Dix. Wikipedia. 19:16, 23 Nov. 2003. 26 Jan. 2004 .